Spiritual Intelligence as a Moderator in the Influence of Work Loyalty, Individual Characteristics, and External Motivation on Employee Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33019/equity.v13i2.530Keywords:
Work Loyalty, Individual Characteristics, External Motivation, Spiritual Intelligence, Employee PerformanceAbstract
This research addresses the gap in public sector employee performance models in Indonesia, which are still dominated by structural factors such as incentives, while the integration of values (psychological and spiritual) is rarely tested quantitatively. This research examines the influence of work loyalty, individual characteristics, and external motivation on employee performance, as well as the role of spiritual intelligence as a moderator at the Lubuklinggau City Agriculture Office. A quantitative survey method was used on 81 employees; data was collected through questionnaires, observations, and document reviews, then analyzed using simple linear regression, t-tests, correlation tests, and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results show that all three variables have a positive and significant effect on performance, and spiritual intelligence strengthens the relationship between each variable and performance. The findings emphasize the urgency of a value-based performance framework that integrates spiritual dimensions into bureaucratic performance management practices. Limitations include a single-agency design, potentially biased self-assessment, and narrow scope. Nevertheless, this study contributes empirical evidence of the moderating effect of spiritual intelligence and offers a value-based performance framework that integrates psychological and spiritual parameters in the context of government organization.
Downloads
References
Alrashidi, N., Alreshidi, M. S., Dator, W. L. T., Maestrado, R., Villareal, S., Buta, J., Pangket, P., Mostoles, R., Gonzales, A., Mina, E., & An, E. P. (2022). The Mediating Role of Spiritual Intelligence on Well-Being and Life Satisfaction Among Nurses in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120515
Amram, Y. (2022). The Intelligence of Spiritual Intelligence: Making the Case. Religions, 13(12), 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13121140
Apriyanto, F., Prasetyono, & Yuliana, R. (2019). The Effect of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity on Auditor Independence With Spiritual Intelligence as a Moderation Variable. https://doi.org/10.2991/iconies-18.2019.69
Arifin, S., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2024). Fostering employee performance of civil servants in Indonesia: The mediating role of organisational citizenship behaviour. SA Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm
Astuti, R. J., Astuty, I., & Febrianti, F. A. (2024). International Journal of Social Science and Human Research Workplace Spirituality and Employee Performance: Can it be Moderated? International Journal of Social Science and Human Research. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i10-51
Awaysheh, A., Bonet, R., & Ortega, J. (2022). Performance feedback and productivity: Evidence from a field experiment. Production and Operations Management, 32(1), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13827
Fry, L. W., & Vu, M. C. (2023). Leading Without a Self: Implications of Buddhist Practices for Pseudo-spiritual Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05416-x
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25. Semarang, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gould, R. C. (2024). Motivation theory (pp. 171–184). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035308767.ch21
Grabowski, D., Chudzicka-Czupała, A., & Stapor, K. (2021). Relationships between work ethic and motivation to work from the point of view of the self-determination theory. PLOS ONE, 16(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0253145
Rahmadi, H., & Rusmiati, T. E. (2025). Transformasi Digital Manajemen SDM di Instansi Pemerintah: Adaptasi, Tantangan, dan Peluang. Petanda : Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Dan Humaniora.
Hariyono, D., Tri, D., Wardoyo, W., Kistyanto, A., Motivasi, P., Beban, D., Terhadap, K., Pegawai, K., Kantor, P., Manukan, K., Kecamatan, K., & Surabaya, T. K. (2024). Influence Motivation And Workload To Performance Employees at the Village Office Manukan Kulon Subdistrict Tandes, Surabaya City. Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan Dan Humaniora, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.36526/js.v3i2.4235
Hermanto, Y. B., & Srimulyani, V. A. (2022). The Effects of Organizational Justice on Employee Performance Using Dimension of Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Mediation. Sustainability, 14(20), 13322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013322
Iqbal, M. Z., Akbar, S., Budhwar, P., & Shah, S. Z. A. (2019). Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal: Evidence on the Utilization Criteria. Journal of Business Research, 101, 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.04.035
Karepesina, M. T. (2023). Performance Of Civil Servants: The Role Of Motivation and Organizational Culture. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 7(3 Special issue), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv7i3sip13
Lestari, D., & Margaretha, M. (2021). Work life balance, job engagement and turnover intention: Experience from Y generation employees. Management Science Letters, 165–170. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.019
Liu, Y., Si, Z., Shi, Y., Li, B., Liu, P., Liu, S., & Sun, Q. (2024). “Win‐win”: Dual‐path Influence of Workplace Spirituality on Work‐family Enrichment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 97(3), 841–863. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12495
McCarthy, G., & Milner, J. (2020). Ability, motivation and opportunity: managerial coaching in practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 58(1), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12219
Nursabilla, T. Q., Gayatri, G., Suprasto, H. B., & Sari, M. M. R. (2021). Spiritual Intelligence Moderates the Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being, Role Stress and Auditor Performance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 31(6), 1424. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2021.v31.i06.p06
Octaviani, R. A., Iqbal, M. A., & Rhian Indradewa, R. x. (2021). How Individual, Job and Working Environment Characteristics Effects Employee Performance in Indonesian State Employment Agency. IARJSET, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2021.8532
PermenPANRB. (2021). Peraturan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara No. 8 Tahun 2021.
Rahimpour, K., Shirouyehzad, H., Asadpour, M., & Karbasian, M. (2020). A PCA-DEA Method for Organizational Performance Evaluation Based on Intellectual Capital and Employee Loyalty. Journal of Modelling in Management, 15(4), 1479–1513. https://doi.org/10.1108/jm2-03-2019-0060
Resawati, R., & Rinawati, N. (2024). The Mediating Role of Achievement Behaviors on Motivation and Employee Performance. Majalah Bisnis & Iptek, 17(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.55208/6p9zya52
Sayuti, A. M., & Safitri, D. A. (2024). The Role of Intrinsic Motivation and Psychological Empowerment in the Relationship of Transformational Leadership and Employees Innovative Behavior Post COVID-19 Pandemic. Gema Wiralodra, 15(2), 707–718. https://doi.org/10.31943/gw.v15i2.710
Schreck, P. (2020). Volume or value? How relative performance information affects task strategy and performance. Journal of Business Economics, 90(5), 733–755. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11573-020-00974-2
Shin, J. S., Moon, N. A., Caylor, J. R., Converse, P. D., Park, O. L., & Yeo, K. (2022). Economic Individualism and Job Engagement: Examining the Roles of Work Motivation and Growth Need Strength. Sustainability, 14(2), 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020591
Sugiyono. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung, CV. Alfabeta.
Swiatczak, M. D. (2021). Towards a neo-configurational theory of intrinsic motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 45(6), 769–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11031-021-09906-1
Tian, J.-Y. (2024). Research on Work Motivation and Innovative Behavior. Advances in Economics Management and Political Sciences, 120(1), None-None. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/120/20242449
Watts, F., & Dorobantu, M. (2023). Is There ‘Spiritual Intelligence’? An Evaluation of Strong and Weak Proposals. Religions, 14(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020265
Wularsih, E. A., & Octafian, R. (2024). The Impact of Work Environment and Job Satisfaction on Employee Loyalty. Ijebma, 6(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.59890/ijebma.v6i2.2218
Zanabazar, A., Yondonrenchin, M., & Baljinnyam, E. (2023). The Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee Loyalty and Engagement. European Journal of Business Management and Research, 8(4), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2023.8.4.2048
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 yossi ariasanti, betti nuraini, dheo rimbano, herman paleni
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish journals in Equity: Jurnal Ekonomi agrees with the following conditions:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Every publication (printed/electronic) are open access for educational purposes, research, and library. Other than the aims mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.
How to Cite
