Kesenjangan Penghasilan Antar Gender di Pulau Jawa Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi COVID-19
Abstract
Pulau Jawa merupakan daerah yang paling terdampak pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia. Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) yang diterapkan di Pulau Jawa mengakibatkan menurunnya jumlah penduduk yang bekerja dan penghasilannya. Terjadi penurunan penghasilan hampir di seluruh lapangan usaha baik laki-laki maupun perempuan. Penghasilan laki-laki secara umum lebih tinggi daripada perempuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender di Pulau Jawa pada periode sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19 dengan menggunakan metode Dekomposisi Binder-Oaxaca. Metode ini membagi penyebab kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender menjadi dua bagian, yaitu faktor endowment dan faktor diskriminasi. Probit partisipasi bekerja dilakukan sebelum melakukan estimasi penghasilan berdasarkan gender untuk menghilangkan bias dalam pemilihan sampel. Dari data Sakernas Agustus 2019 dan 2020, ditemukan bahwa kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender di Pulau Jawa semakin mengecil saat terjadinya pandemi COVID-19 dibanding sebelum pandemi COVID-19 dari 46,24 persentase poin menjadi 45,34 pesentase poin. Faktor diskriminasi berkontribusi lebih besar dibandingkan faktor endowment dalam menjelaskan kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender di Pulau Jawa. Sebelum pandemi COVID-19 faktor endowment berperan 13,74 persentase poin (29,73 persen) dan faktor diskriminasi berperan 32,49 persentase poin (70,27 persen), sedangkan saat pandemi COVID-19 faktor endowment berperan 11,66 persentase poin (25,72 persen) dan faktor diskriminasi berperan 33,68 persentase poin (74,28 persen).
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